Xintiandi – 新天地
Sources
*Sources found while researching Xintiandi(XTD), including my notes*
Accessed April 22, 2026
Xintiandi.com
- This is a webpage introducing Xintiandi, its brand, and its effects on the community. Describes Xintiandi as a modern mixed-use urban district that integrates heritage, culture, and lifestyle. Shows how Xintiandi is presented to the public as a space that blends history with innovation, ultimately helping shape Shanghai’s identity as a global and culturally dynamic city.
- MLA Format : XINTIANDI, 11 Sept. 2025, www.xintiandi.com/en/about-xintiandi/. Accessed 23. Apr. 2026
Refers to XTD as a community brand and a model for urban living
- A lifestyle
It’s designed for a modern global lifestyle
It reflects how Shanghai presents itself as modern and forward thinking
- XTD is marketed as modern, creative, global, lifestyle-oriented
XTD integrates early 20th century Shikumen with modern lifestyle and fashion
- Retail
- Offices
- Entertainment
- Cultural Spaces
- (https://www.xintiandi.com/en/about-xintiandi/)
Accessed April 23 – 27, 2026
Urbanization and Housing: Socio-Spatial Conflicts over Urban Space in Contemporary Shanghai
- Explains how Shanghai’s rapid urbanization changed the older lilong neighborhoods, creating tensions between historical preservation, economic development, and community life.
- MLA Format : Arkaraprasertkul, Non. “Urbanization and Housing: Socio-Spatial Conflicts over Urban Space in Contemporary Shanghai.” Aspects of Urbanization in China: Shanghai, Hong Kong, Guangzhou, edited by Gregory Bracken, Amsterdam University Press, 2012, pp. 139–64. JSTOR,http://www.jstor.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/stable/j.ctt46mzks.12. Accessed 23 Apr. 2026.
Post-reform China became more urban, consumer-driven, and focused on growth. Shanghai became a central part of this image, which affects how Shanghai wants to look like – modern, global, and attractive to foreigners.
Lilong houses were once the dominant housing form in Shanghai and are often seen as repping the city’s history.
- They combine Chinese and Western architectural styles (showing how the city is shaped by both local and international influence)
Lanes inside the lilong neighborhoods were social spaces where the residents interacted, connected, and created a sense of community.
- Xintiandi doesn’t necessarily preserve the original everyday life
Xintiandi is a “celebrated renovation project” where a dilapidated lilong neighborhood was developed into a multimillion dollar retail district
The author argues that XTD shows the “superificiality” of preservation because the project preserved pieces of the past to make the area feel unique and attractive.
- Not to truly preserve the original community
- More about keeping the image
The architect, Benjamin Wood (non-chinese foreigner), goal was not to particularly preserve the past, but to use it to make the project stand out.
- He wanted to “breathe life into places” to create areas people could eat, drink, and enjoy themselves.
The source/author argues that the cultural claim of restoring a typical neighborhood is “false” because the area became filled with expensive coffee and high-end, luxury products, welcoming only certain groups of people.
- Represents Shanghai’s past, but structured in a way that only fits a wealthy, global, consumer-centered image.
The author goes onto argue that what makes the lilong’s worth preserving is both the architecture and the living community.
- “Disneyfication” is if only the form is preserved without the community
- (https://www-jstor-org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/content/oa_chapter_edited/j.ctt46mzks.12?searchText=xintiandi&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dxintiandi%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Aae0f0f25818ee33c8afd2edc2cf7d525&seq=14)
Commercial Community Spaces Redevelopment: A Case Study of Shanghai Xintiandi Area
- Focuses on Xintiandi as a successful example of Shikumen renovation and commercial redevelopment. It explains how Xintiandi combines historical architecture with modern shopping, dining, and entertainment, while also showing how the area helps Shanghai’s image as a global city.
- MLA Format: Sun, Jiadai. “Commercial Community Spaces Redevelopment: A Case Study of Shanghai Xintiandi Area”. Transactions on Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, vol. 12, Aug. 2024, pp. 307-12, https://doi.org/10.62051/2pfj6136. Accessed 23 Apr. 2026.
The source argues that XTD is important because it shows the dilemma of balancing commercial development with the preservation of the Shikumen’s cultural heritage.
- Shows Shanghai trying to preserve its history while building its modern, commercial identity.
Section 2.1 explains that global brands and standardized business models can make cities feel generic/ disconnected to local culture
- XTD stands out because it doesn’t try to just look like other/another global shopping district
Section 2.2 talks about XTD retaining its external architectural features of the Shikumen buildings while renovating the interiors for modern business and commercial needs.
- Old Shanghai on the outside, Modern Shanghai on the inside
XTD’s market positioning specifically targets middle to upper class consumers, including local elites and tourists
- People with spending power
Section 3.1 talks about Shikumen architecture, originating in the 19th century, combining Chinese and Western architectural styles.
XTD reused the Shikumen lanes by adapting them to the modern living and commercial activities while keeping their historical charm
- Spaces people can shop, eat, and socialize in
The author talks about how Shikumen history was rewritten into a symbol of Shanghai’s cosmopolitan past and global future
Section 3.2 discusses how XTD includes shopping, dining, entertainment, and cultural activities, attracting both tourists and locals
- Shows how XTD today functions as a social and cultural space but in a different way the the original Shikumen neighborhoods did
Section 3.3 discusses how XTD shows how consumer culture influences the city through retail, dining, entertainment, and even the aesthetic design.
- (https://wepub.org/index.php/TSSEHR/article/view/2511/2731)
How Xintiandi, with a historic twist, set a new standard for mall development
- Provides an overview of Xintiandi’s development, layout, and current role as a major cultural and commercial destination in Shanghai
- MLA Format: “The Official Shanghai China Travel Website.” How Xintiandi, with a Historic Twist, Set a New Standard for Mall Development, 2024, www.meet-in-shanghai.net/en/guide/how-xintiandi-with-a-historic-twist-set-a-new-standard-for-mall-development-710313/.
XTD is a fusion of historical Shikumen houses w/ modern cafes, boutiques, restaurants, and entertainment.
- Walking thru the area feels both modern and historical at the same time
The author calls XTD a “bold reimagining” of heritage
- Not only preserving history but reshaping it
Project was developed by Shui On Group and opened in 2001
At the time (early 2000’s), the idea of combining shopping, dining, and entertainment in one space was new to China.
- XTD introduced a new modern lifestyle space
Southern Area – more modern, glass buildings, large commercial space
Northern Area – keeps old Shikumen look outside, but updates interiors
XTD is a major tourist hub w/ approximately 15 mil visitors annually, up to 100k per day during peak season
- One of the most visited + popular areas in Shanghai
The area includes the site of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China
XTD has increased property values, surrounding areas have become high-end commercial areas
- XTD plays a major role in Shanghai’s economy
- (https://www.meet-in-shanghai.net/en/guide/how-xintiandi-with-a-historic-twist-set-a-new-standard-for-mall-development-710313)
Xintiandi – Sur Atlas
- Introduces and explains the redevelopment process of Xintiandi, including government involvement, private investment, and the transformation of a residential area into a commercial district, showing how Xintiandi was intentionally redesigned to improve living conditions and boost economic growth, while also revealing the social impacts like relocation and gentrification.
- MLA Format: “Xintiandi.” Xintiandi | Sur Atlas, 2024, https://suratlas.unibocconi.eu/projects/xintiandi. Accessed 23 Apr. 2026.
The Project Overview Section explains how XTD was originally inhabited by lower-middle class income families living in the Shikumen houses. Living conditions were poor and difficult.
- Small housing units, and low quality infrastructure
The redevelopment was part of the “365 Program”, which was a large scale urban renewal project aimed at renovating old houses across Shanghai
- Effort by the government to modernize the city (like that one movie)
The project involved Shanghai gov, District gov, and Shui On Land/ Private Developer.
The then residents were either moved to other parts of the city or offered compensation
The shikumen buildings were renovated and converted into shops, hotels, restaurants, and entertainment spaces
- Redevelopment into commercial, residential, entertainment, and public spaces
- Became a full lifestyle space
- Redevelopment into commercial, residential, entertainment, and public spaces
In the Economic Benefits Section, it discusses how XTD attracted businessees, created jobs, increased tourism, increase property prices massively (690% rise)
In the Social Section, it discusses how even though compensation was offered , the original residents couldn’t afford to move back as the area became more expensive
- XTD improved the area, but changed who could actually live there
Other cities in China started copying XTD’s redevelopment model
- XTD influenced how other cities in China approach redevelopment
- (https://suratlas.unibocconi.eu/projects/xintiandi)
Explanation of Gentrification in Chinese Historic Districts, with Shanghai Xintiandi as an Example
- Analyzes Xintiandi through the lens of gentrification, explaining how urban redevelopment transforms historical neighborhoods into commercial spaces that attract middle and upper class consumers. This source highlights the social and cultural impacts of Xintiandi changing from a residential community into a consumer focused area.
- MLA Format: “Explanation of Gentrification in Chinese Historic Districts, with Shanghai Xintiandi as an Example.” International Journal of Frontiers in Sociology, vol. 5, no. 2, Jan. 2023, https://doi.org/10.25236/ijfs.2023.050209. Accessed 23 Apr. 2026.
The author explains that gentrification occurs when a neighborhood improves, attracts wealthier people, and forces original residents to leave due to rising costs
In Section 2.2, the source discusses how even when historic districts are preserved, redevelopment can destroy social networks, traditional lifestyles, and the community identity.
In Section 3., the author discusses XTD’s gentrification features.
- Exterior of Shikumen preserved
- Interiors completely modernized
- New buildings added
- 25,000 families relocated
Originally solely residential but now mainly has restaurants, retail, and entertainment
XTD brought with it a transformation of social class and social profiles. Now XTD is targeted towards the middle class, expatriates, tourists, and people interested in fashion, culture, and nightlife.
- Completely different group of people than before
In Section 3.2, the authors describe XTD as having a “fake, but nostalgic bourgeoisie style.”
In the conclusion, the authors say that consumers are drawn to spaces such as XTD because they are “consuming history”, meaning they are buying into the cultural value of the past.
- (https://francis-press.com/uploads/papers/FjIMRLsUH6eEoLlJ7Zt8ZXw2wdTP9zBqaqfUhSzD.pdf)
ShuiOnLand.com
- Website of the company behind Xintiandi’s development. Explains how Shui On Land conceptualized and developed Xintiandi as a large-scale urban community that integrates culture, commerce, and lifestyle, showing how Xintiandi was intentionally designed to combine heritage with modern urban living.
- MLA Format: Shui On Land, www.shuionland.com/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2026.
The company describes XTD as a community and not a commercial district
- Despite the fact the original community was replaced
XTD is designed to be a modern lifestyle hub, integrating heritage in modern, everyday life
- Premium
- Cultural
- Globally Competitive
- (https://www.shuionland.com/en-us/aboutUs/ourBusiness)
Accessed April 28 – 29, 2026
Xintiandi – Wikipedia
- Introduces and gives a general overview of Xintiandi, including the names meaning, its location, historical significance, redevelopment, and its current role shopping, dining, cultural, and entertainment district. It explains how Xintiandi transformed from a historic Shikumen neighborhood into one of China’s first lifestyle centers, while still keeping its connection to its political and cultural history.
- MLA Format: “Xintiandi.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xintiandi. Accessed 28 Apr. 2026.
- The name itself seems to support the idea of transformation.
- XTD is preserving an old space while creating a new version of it.
- residential life -> consumption and leisure
- XTD is one of the most expensive places to live in China
- Home to chinese elites, executives, and expats
- Blend of past, present, and future
- private development (Shui On Land) helped meet government needs
- strict historical preservation requirements made redevelopment expensive
- (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xintiandi)
The Homes of The Little Urbanites
- Explains how early Shikumen houses in early 20th century Shanghai were originally designed for single family living but became extremely overcrowded because of rapid urbanization, migration, and housing shortages. It shows how multiple families were forced to share small spaces, which lead to dense, mixed communities.
- MLA Format: Lu, Hanchao. Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century. Univ. of California Press, 2004, Accessed 29 Apr. 2026.
- Usually parents on one floor and the children in other rooms.
- earlier residents were wealthier elites, but lots of migrants, who were working class, came. (clerks, teachers, shop workers.)
- migrants couldn’t afford full houses and sometimes left their fantasies in the rural areas.
- rooms divided, ceilings lowered, lofts added, and even courtyards were sometimes covered to create more space
- There was an average of 4 families per house with only ~30 square feet per person
- people shared kitchens, bathrooms, hallways
- (https://app.perusall.com/courses/chin-210-understanding-contemporary-chinese-society-through-shanghai-49020/210-unit-2_lu-homeslittleurbanites-1999?assignmentId=L8Q2RzjYHWXNpYiMG&part=1&panel=assignmentInformation&filter=all)
Photos
*Photos of XTD (clicking on the photos takes you to the original source)*
Xintiandi Before Redevelopment
Modern Xintiandi
*By Amy Cheong and Maria Garcia*
Essay
Xintiandi and The Commercialization of Shanghai’s Past
*By Amy Cheong – 成月*
Cities are known for being fast-paced environments, but in a rapidly developing city like Shanghai, change can feel almost constant. A clear example of this is Xintiandi, also known as XTD, a district known today for its restored Shikumen architecture, upscale restaurants, shopping, entertainment, and cultural events. At first glance, Xintiandi may seem like a successful example of preserving heritage and history while adapting it for modern times. However, its redevelopment and its effects are a bit more complicated than that. Before Xintiandi became a commercial and tourist-focused destination, it was a residential Shikumen neighborhood where working-class families lived and built communities through shared spaces and narrow alleyways. Xintiandi’s transformation shows how urban redevelopment can preserve the appearance of history, while changing the social meaning of the area. It also shows how globalization and market-driven redevelopment can turn cultural heritage into a consumable product. Through XTD, Shanghai uses its past to create a modern, global image, but this transformation also raises questions about displacement, gentrification, and the loss of original community life.
Before Xintiandi became a modern commercial district, it was a residential neighborhood made up of Shikumen houses. Shikumen, meaning “stone-gate houses”, are a traditional form of Shanghainese architecture that combine both Chinese and Western design elements. They were generally built in the late 19th- early 20th centuries, and were typically arranged in rows in lilong neighborhoods, also known as “lane houses”, where narrow alleyways connected the homes. Unlike modern apartments, these spaces encouraged constant interaction between residents. Because homes were small and often shared by multiple families, people relied on shared kitchens, bathrooms, and outdoor spaces, which created a strong sense of community. The alleyway’s pathways became a space where neighbors talked, kids played, and everyday life took place. In Beyond the Neon Lights, Hanchao Lu explains that “all types of alleyway houses were designed to accommodate one family per house,”(Lu 156). As Shanghai continued to grow and urbanize, Shanghai’s population grew rapidly with it, causing housing shortages that changed how these houses were being occupied. Many Shikumen homes were divided into smaller spaces. Lu notes that a house originally designed for a family of eight or nine people could be remodeled to hold “15 to 20 persons or 4 to 9 families” (Lu 157). This signifies that the original Xintiandi area was a dense, residential community that was shaped by overcrowding, shared living, and everyday interactions.
This history shows Xntiandi’s original value was social as well as architectural. The Shikumen buildings are important, but so were the people and relationships inside of them. Hanchao Lu describes Shikumen residents as people who “came from all walks of life and had widely different backgrounds,”(Lu 167). This included workers, teachers, clerks, small business owners, students, and other ordinary people. Even though the conditions were often crowded and difficult, these neighborhoods created a mixed social environment. Lu also shows that Shikumen spaces were not only residential. Small businesses, schools, bookstores, and workshops often existed close together or even in the same buildings, making lilong neighborhoods active and complex parts of urban life. In other words, the old Xintiandi was valuable because of the community it contained, which represented everyday Shanghai before large-scale redevelopment.
The pressure to redevelop neighborhoods such as Xintiandi was connected to the larger process of urbanization in post-reform China. Non Arkaraprasertkul explains in 8 Urbanization and Housing: Socio-Spatial Conflicts over Urban Space in Contemporary Shanghai that China’s economic reforms led to major changes in cities, including rapid migration, market-based housing, and property-led development. Shanghai became a major destination for job seekers, migrants, foreign entrepreneurs, increasing the demand for housing and modern infrastructure (Arkaraprasertkul 140, 141). Older lilong neighborhoods were often seen as historically significant but physically outdated. They had poor infrastructure, overcrowding, and low living standards compared to newer apartments. At the same time, these areas were attractive to developers because they were located in valuable parts of the city. Arkaraprasertkul explains that Shanghai’s real estate market became important because land leasing and development helped the city accumulate capital and helped support its economic growth (Arkaraprasertkul 141). So, why did Xintiandi become a target for redevelopment? It was historically valuable, centrally located, and economically useful.
The redevelopment of Xintiandi began in the late 1990s through a partnership between the local government and Shui On Land, a private developer. According to Wikipedia’s Xintiandi article, “in 1996, Shui On Land acquired 23 square blocks” in the former French Concession as part of a larger redevelopment project (Xintiandi [Wikipedia]).The project was not simply a local “beautifying” effort. It was part of a broader strategy connected to Taipingqiao and Shanghai’s desire to modernize its urban image. Sur Atlas’s Xintiandi article explains that Xintiandi was included in a larger redevelopment initiative that aimed to improve living conditions, preserve historical traits, and create a new commercial and entertainment district (Xintiandi [Sur Atlas]). This shows how the project was shaped by a mixture of goals such as historical preservation, economic development, urban modernization, and commercial success.
Nevertheless, the preservation involved in Xintiandi was selective. The project kept the outward appearance of Shikumen buildings, but changed their function almost completely. Wikipedia explains that the redevelopment had to meet “strict historical preservation requirements,” especially because of the surrounding historic buildings and the site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (Xintiandi [Wikipedia]). Yet, they also explain that the “internal spaces of various homes were merged” to create larger areas for “restaurants, bars, nightclubs, and shops” (Xintiandi [Wikipedia]). This is the difference between preserving a building’s appearance and preserving the life that once happened inside it. The exterior of Shikumen architecture remained as a symbol of old Shanghai, but the interiors were redesigned for consumption, tourism, and entertainment. Thus, Xintiandi preserved the image of the past while changing its social purpose.
Xintiandi’s transformation also reflects globalization and the rise of consumer culture in Shanghai. Today, the district is filled with international restaurants, cafes, luxury shops, and entertainment spaces that reflect a globalized urban lifestyle. This change is not separate from Shanghai’s history. In insights into china, part 6: an afternoon in a cafe, Isham Cook shows that Shanghai has long been shaped by global influences, especially through leisure spaces. It explains that coffee culture in Shanghai began with “bars and restaurants opened by westerners for westerners” in the international settlement and French Concession (Cook). This shows how cafes and lifestyle spaces have become central to Shanghai’s modern identity. Xintiandi fits this pattern because it turns history into an atmosphere that people can experience through eating, drinking, shopping, and socializing.
This is why Xintiandi should not only be understood and interpreted only as a preserved historic area. It is also a carefully designed consumer space. Wikipedia describes the district as “an affluent car-free shopping, eating, and entertainment district” (Xintiandi [Wikipedia]). It also calls Xintiandi one of the first lifestyle centers in China, showing that the project helped create a new model for urban consumption (Xintiandi [Wikipedia]). Visitors are not only going there to see old buildings, but to experience a version of Shanghai that feels historical, stylish, international, and modern all at once. The slogan connected to XTD, “Let tomorrow meet yesterday at today in Shanghai” directly tells how Xintiandi markets itself as a space where past, present, and future come together (Xintiandi [Wikipedia]). Still, this blending is not neutral. It highlights the parts of history that are visually attractive and profitable, while pushing aside the working class life that once existed there and made it into what we know today.
The redevelopment of Xintiandi also raises important questions about gentrification and displacement. Ziyi Huang and Jie Zuo in Explanation of Gentrification in Chinese Historic Districts, with Shanghai Xintiandi as an Example explains that gentrification happens when a declining neighborhood is improved and then attracts wealthier people, causing property values, housing prices, and rents to rise. As a result, “the original residents could not afford the rising rents and prices,” so they are forced to move elsewhere (Huang and Zuo 52). This pattern clearly applies to Xintiandi. Before redevelopment, the area housed lower and working class residents in dense Shikumen neighborhoods. After redevelopment, it became a high-end commercial district aimed at tourists and wealthier consumers. Wikipedia says the area is one of the most expensive places to live in China and is generally home to “Chinese elites and top executive immigrants,” (Xintiandi [Wikipedia]). This is a reflection of how the social meaning of the space changed. It became no longer mainly a place for ordinary residents, but a place of consumption and elite urban living.
This does not mean that the previous neighborhood was perfect or the redevelopment yielded no benefits. The living conditions in old Shikumen neighborhoods were often difficult, crowded, and outdated. Sur Atlas explains that many of the original residential buildings had small units and poor living conditions, which harmed residents’ wellbeing (Xintiandi [Sur Atlas]). Redevelopment improved infrastructure, restored buildings, and created new economic activity. It attracted businesses, tourists, and investment, creating jobs and increasing the property values (Xintiandi [Sur Atlas]). However, the problem is that these benefits did not affect everyone equally. Sur Atlas notes that despite compensation, previous lower to middle class residents were often unable to return because housing prices increased significantly (Xintiandi [Sur Atlas]). So, while the project improved the area physically and economically, it also changed who had access to it.
The loss of community is one of the most important issues in Xintiandi’s redevelopment. Huang and Zuo argue that when a historic district loses its long-term residents, it loses its “real ‘living world’” (Huang and Zuo 53). This idea is constructive for understanding Xintiandi because while the Shikumen architecture may still be visible, the everyday community that gave the neighborhood meaning has largely disappeared. Before redevelopment, the narrow lanes and shared housing conditions created daily interactions between residents. After redevelopment, those same pathways became cafes, shops, restaurants, and tourist attractions. It doesn’t mean the XTD has no culture today, but rather a different kind of culture, based on consumption, leisure, tourism, and the performance of heritage. Even though the area keeps the visual signs of old Shanghai, the social life behind those signs have changed.
Today, Xinitandi has become a model for urban redevelopment projects across China. Wikipedia describes the project “a success both from a real estate business perspective and as a cultural phenomenon”(Xintiandi [Wikipedia]). Sur Atlas explains that the success of XTD “inspired other cities to adopt the Xintiandi development model” (Xintiandi [Sur Atlas]). It influenced how other Chinese cities thought about historic preservation, commercial redevelopment, and urban branding. Cities such as Wuhan, Chongqing, and Foshan began using similar strategies by transforming historic neighborhoods into commercial and cultural districts. Xintiandi became an example of how cities could use the past to create economic value. Because of this, however, the problems connected to Xintiandi, such as displacement and the commercialization of history, could spread as well.
Ultimately, Xintiandi represents both the success and the contradictions of modern urban redevelopment. On one hand, it shows that historic architecture can be reused instead of completely destroyed. It helped Shanghai create a distinguishable global image and turned a deteriorating neighborhood into one of the city’s most popular and famous destinations. On the other hand, it shows how preservation can become superficial when it focuses mainly on buildings and appearance than on people and community. XTD uses Shikumen architecture to tell a story of Shanghai’s past and global future, but that story often leaves out the working class residents who once lived there. In these ways, Xintiandi reveals how globalization and market-driven redevelopment can reshape both physical space and collective memory.
All in all, Xintiandi is more than just a popular tourist destination or commercial district. It’s a reflection of how cities like Shanghai are shaped by globalization, economic growth, and changing social values. While the XTD project is often celebrated for preserving traditional Shikumen architecture , it also highlights how redevelopment can transform physical spaces and the communities connected to them. Before redevelopment, Shikumen neighborhoods were socially mixed spaces where ordinary residents lived, worked, and formed community. After redevelopment, many of those spaces were redesigned for restaurants, shops, nightlife, and tourism. This change from a working-class residential neighborhood to a high end consumer space reflects the larger impact of gentrification and global consumer culture. Xintiandi illustrates that preserving history should not just be about keeping old buildings standing. It should be about asking whose history is being preserved, who benefits from redevelopment, and who is left out. As cities continue to modernize, the challenge will be finding ways to balance economic growth with cultural and social responsibility.
Works Cited
Arkaraprasertkul, Non. “Urbanization and Housing: Socio-Spatial Conflicts over Urban Space in Contemporary Shanghai.” Aspects of Urbanization in China: Shanghai, Hong Kong, Guangzhou, edited by Gregory Bracken, Amsterdam University Press, 2012, pp. 139–64. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/stable/j.ctt46mzks.12. Accessed 4 May 2026.
Cook, Isham. “Insights into China, Part 6: An Afternoon in a Café.” ISHAM COOK CHINA, 2025, ishamcookchina.com/2025/12/11/insights-into-china-part-6-an-afternoon-in-a-cafe/. Accessed 30 Apr. 2026
Huang, Ziyi and Jie Zuo. “Explanation of Gentrification in Chinese Historic Districts, with Shanghai Xintiandi as an Example.” International Journal of Frontiers in Sociology, vol. 5, no. 2, Jan. 2023, https://doi.org/10.25236/ijfs.2023.050209. Accessed 23 Apr. 2026.
Lu, Hanchao. Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century. Univ. of California Press, 2004, Accessed 29 Apr. 2026.
“Xintiandi.” Xintiandi | Sur Atlas, 2024, https://suratlas.unibocconi.eu/projects/xintiandi. Accessed 23 Apr. 2026.
“Xintiandi.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xintiandi. Accessed 28 Apr. 2026.Open save panel
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